2014 ICJR Pan Pacific Congress
July 16 - 19, 2014
Hilton Waikoloa Village
Kona, Hawaii
State of Hip Arthroplasty in North America
State of Hip Arthroplasty in Asia
State of Knee Arthroplasty in North America
State of Knee Arthroplasty in Asia
Correction of Severe Varus Deformity During TKA
Could Total Knee Replacement Design and Surgical Technique Affect In-Vivo Knee Kinematics and Clinical Outcomes?
Reliability of a Gap Control Technique With the Tensor/Balancer During PS-TKA
The Importance of 2mm and 2 Degrees in Total Knee Balancing
Gap Balancing in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Clinical Benefit of Bony Island Resection in Posterior Cruciate Ligament Retaining Total Knee Arthroplasty
The Indications for Revision in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Mobile-Bearing TKA: Beyond 10-Year Results
Quality of Life Following TKR in Three Disting Patinet Populations
Long-Term Clinical Outcome and Survivorship of PFC Sigma Fixed-Bearing and Rotating-Platform TKAs in the Same Patients
Seven Year Study on Patient Outcomes and Experiences Using TKAs from Asian Manufacturers
Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty Among Nonagenarian Patients: Patient Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes
Patient-Specific Total Knees Demonstrate a Higher Manipulation Rate Compared to "Off-the-Shelf"" Implants"
Mobile Bearing TKA is Advantageous
Disagree: Fixed Bearing TKA is Better
Customizing TKA is the Future
Disagree: There is No Benefit to the Patient
PSI is the Future for TKA
Disagree: PSI is Not the Future, But Just a Fad
I Align Along the Mechanical Axis
Kinematically Aligned TKA is Better
Long-Term Survival Analysis of UKA by a Single Surgeon
500 Consecutive Robotic Arm Assisted Medial UKA: An Outpatient Procedure that Consistently Increases ROM
Unicompartment Knee in Octogenarians
Why Patellofemoral Replacements are a Good Option
Postoperative Evaluation of Accuracy in Navigated Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty Using a Three-Dimensional Digital Templating System
Treatment of Periprosthetic Tibial Plateau Fractures in Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty: Plates versus Cannulated Screws
Improved Lateral Knee Compartment Congruence Following Medial Unicompartmental Arthroplasty
3D Imaging of the Knee Using Ultrasound
Needle Guided Injection Using 3D Ultrasound
Three Dimensional Articulating Cartilage Modeling Using Statistical Atlases
Mobile versus Stationary Fluoroscopy: Is There an Advantage
Utility of a New Developed Motion Capture with Infrared Camera System in ACL-Insufficient Knees.
Prospective Investigation DVT/PE After TKA Using Contrast Enhanced CT and Venous Ultrasonography in Japanese Patients
Flexion Angle and Cartilage Degeneration in Osteoarthritic Knees Using Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative
The Role for TKA Computer Navigation in 2014
Evaluation of a New Image Free Computer-Assisted Guidance System
Two Year Survivorship of Robotically Guided Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty
Improving Outcomes of Lateral Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty with Robotic-Assisted Surgery
Computer Navigation Systems in Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty - A Systematic Review
Intraoperative Assessment of Mechanical Alignment Accuracy Using Computer Navigation in a Patient Specific TKA System
PSI: The Importance of Your Radiographer
PSI: Opportunities and Challenges for the Future
Patient-Specific Implants and Cutting Guides Better Approximate Natural Kinematics than Standard Total Knee Arthroplasty
In-Vivo Tibial Fit Analysis of Patient-Specific TKA System Versus Off-The-Shelf TKA
Hospital Outcomes and Cost for Patients Undergoing a Customized Individually Made TKA vs. Off-the-Shelf TKA
Influence of PCL in a Patient Specific Total Knee Implant: A Biomechanical Study
Accuracy of Digital Templating for Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Step Towards Template-Directed "Patient-Specific"" Instrumentation"
Patella Resurfacing: Is it Necessary
Mechanics of Anatomic and Dome Patellae
Patella Resurfacing: Really Not a Controversy
Total Knee Arthroplasty With or Without Patellar Resurfacing with Grade IV Osteoarthritis in Patellofemoral Joint
Patella Implants Option for Treatment of TKA Patients with Patella Baja
A Novel Freehand Technique for Osteotomizing the Patella in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Length Change Behavior of Native Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Fiber During Knee Flexion: An In-Vivo Study
Preoperative Knee Kinematics Robustly Correlates with Postoperative Knee Kinematics in Total Knee Arthroplasty
In Vivo Kinematics for Customized, Individually Made vs. Traditional TKA During a Deep Knee Bend and Rising From a Chair
In-Vivo Kinematics of Fixed vs Mobile Bearing Revision TKA for Weight-Bearing Activities
Correlations Between Navigation-based Femorotibial Kinematics Pattern and Flexion Angle after Total Knee Arthroplasty
Semimembranosus Release Reduces Tibial Internal Rotation During Flexion in Cruciate-Retaining Total Knee Arthroplasty
3-D In-Vivo Femoro-tibial Kinematics of Tri-Condylar Total Knee Arthroplasty During Kneeling Activities for Japanese Patients
Restoring Normal Knee Function with Guided Motion (GM) Total Knee Replacement
Early Clinical Results of Revision Mobile Bearing TKA: A Multicenter Study
Mobile Bearing Posterior-Stabilized Rotating-Platform Knee Implants _ 10 to 13 year Results
The Relationship Between Tibiofemoral Contact Stress and Worsening of Knee Pain at 5-year Follow-Up
Corrosion and Damage Mechanisms in Retrieved Long-Term TKA Femoral Components
Megaprosthesis:__Our Ongoing Experience Between Orthopaedics and Trauma
Restoration of Joint Line After Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty
Stemless Revision TKA Utilizing Press-Fit Metaphyseal Sleeves: Mid-Term Results of a Novel Technique
Total Knee Arthroplasty in Severe Deformity
In-Vivo Function of the Collateral Ligaments and Maximal Flexion in A Posterior Cruciate Retaining TKA
Necessity of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Preservation in Severe Flexion Contracture in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Malrotated Tibial Component Increases Medial Collateral Ligament Tension in TKA
Initial Results of a Modified Flexion/Extension Gap Balancing Technique Using Soft Tissue Force Measurements In TKA
Alignment and Ligaments Balance in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Swing Test: A New Physical Examination Technique for Evaluation Valgus Knee Deformity
Ultrasound and Sound Sensors: Future Diagnostic Opportunities for Orthopaedics
Recent Trends in the Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries and Subsequent Reconstruction Rates
Arthroscopic Evaluation of Chondral Lesions after ACL Reconstruction: A Comparison by the Difference in Meniscus Treatment
Influence of Posterior Tibial Slope on Stability and Second-look Arthroscopic Findings after ACL Reconstruction
In Vivo Evaluation of Gold and Hydroxyapatite Nano-grafts for Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction
The Bi-Surface Knee: Unique Design for Deep Flexion
Rotational Alignment of the Tibial Component in TKR: The Effect of Implant Design and Surgical Experience
Fluoroscopic Evaluation of TKA; Treadmill Gait vs. Mobile Fluoroscopy
Influence of Femoral Block on Quadriceps Strength Recovery (QSR) After Total Knee Replacement
Antero-Posterior TKA Stability During Stair Descent
Prediction of In-Vivo Contact Forces In the Implanted Knee
Balancing the Gaps in TKA: The Basic Principles
Prospective Comparison of Flexion Stabilities after TKA Using the Measured Resection and Balanced Gap Techniques
Kinematic Consequences of Excessive Internal Tibial Component Rotation
Differences of Sizing and Rotational Landmarks of Distal Femur Between Southern Chinese and Caucasian
Joint Gap Assessment with a Tensor is Useful for Selection of the Insert Thickness in Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty
Extensor Mechanism Reconstruction Following TKA
Knee Arthrodesis is Best Option Following Failed 2 Stage Reimplantation TKA
The Treatment of 50 Deep Infections With or Without Resistant Organisms
Surgical Site Infection Rates in Total Knee Arthroplasty Comparing Traditional vs. Single Use Instrumentation
Total Knee Arthroplasty after Lower Extremity Amputation
Patient-Specific Instrumentation In Simultaneous Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty-Is There An Advantage?
Component Rotation Alignment: It's Just Plane Simple
Long-Term Analysis of In-Vivo Bearing Mobility in Rotating Platform TKA
Improved Spine Strength and Wear Performance with Grafted-Vitamin E Polyethylene
Comparison of Cruciate-Retaining Fixed-Bearing versus Posterior-Stabilized Mobile-Bearing Total Knee Arthroplasty - A Prospective, Randomized Study
Introducing Monitored Real-Time Patient Specific Technique for Total Knee Arthroplasty
Better Fit and Less Surgical Compromise During Total Knee Arthroplasty with an Anatomic Designed Tibial Component
How to Address Tibia Vara Often Seen in Asian Knees
Management of Severe Valgus Deformity Without Constrained Implants
The Flexion Contracture After Total Knee Arthroplasty Correlates With Posterior Offset Ratio
Navigation-Based Tibial Rotation at 90° Flexion Predicts Better Range of Motion in Navigated
Highly Crosslinked Versus Conventional Polyethylene in Posterior-Stabilized Total Knee Arthroplasty as it Affects the Asian Population
Can We Improve the Results of the Traditional TKA?
Bicruciate Retaining TKA: Is It Possible? Is It Necessary?
Compromises in the Femoral Anterior-Posterior Size Leads to Increased Laxity in Mid-Flexion
Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty Using a Second Generation Constrained Condylar Knee Prosthesis
A Medially Conforming Ball-and-Socket Tibiofemoral Articulation Arthroplasty (MRKTM) Versus a Fixed Bearing Posterior Stabilised Arthroplasty (PFC) at 5-Year Follow Up: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Evaluation of Tibial Component Coverage in Total Knee Arthroplasty
In Vivo TKA Kinematics for Subjects Walking Down a Ramp
In Vivo Kinematics for Subjects Implanted with Either a Traditional or Personalized TKA
In-Vivo Kinematic Analyses of Three Different Designs of Polyethylene Inserts During Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA)
Finer TKA Sizing Increments Allow for a Better Compromise: Experimental and Numerical Kinematic Results
In-Vivo Comparison of 3D Patellofemoral Mechanics of Anatomic, Dome Shaped and the Normal Patella
Comparison of Axial Rotation in Symmetrical versus Asymetrical PCR TKA
Computational Modeling of TKA Kinematics During Normal Daily Activity
TKR Navigation: How Beneficial?
CAS: Dreams or Facts? The Value of Daily Work in TKR
Computer Assisted Surgery Technology: A Teacher in Your Hands
Identification of the Landmark Registration Safe Zones during Total Knee Arthroplasty Using an Imageless Navigation System
Severe Varus Knee Deformity is a Risk Factor for Abnormal Knee Kinematics After Fixed Bearing TKA
Prospective Comparison of Early and Late Readmissions Between Cruciate-retaining and Posterior-Stabilizing TKA
Periprosthetic Infection in the Tumor Patient
Patellofemoral Degenerative Changes and Congruence in Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty
New Insights in Lower Limb Alignment
The Ergonomics of Efficient Surgical Technique in TKR
Joint Line Reconstruction in Revision TKA
Reconstructing Knee Anatomy and Surgical Axes from X-Ray Radiography Using Statistical Shape Models
TKA Patients Balanced with Intraoperative Sensing Demonstrate Significantly Higher Outcomes Scores at One Year
High Satisfaction and Early Adaptation of Limb Length Change in Simultaneous Bilateral Open Wedge HTO
Unicompartimental Knee Arthroplasty versus Total Knee Arthroplasty. Are We Able to Create the Forgotten Joint?
Computational Evaluation of Tendo-Femoral Contact in PS TKA
Computer Simulation in Total Knee Arthroplasty: The Effect of Ligament Balance and Alignment on Lift-Off Motion
Impact Finite Element Analysis During Impact Loading Propagations Through TKR Joint
The Effect of Malrotation of Tibial Component of Total Knee Arthroplasty on Tibial Polyethylene Insert Using a Finite Element Analysis
The Relationship Between Gap Size and Force Applied During Total Knee Arthroplasty: An In-Vivo Study
Validation and Future Uses for a Forward Solution Model of TKA as a Theoretical Knee Simulator
Proximal Tibia Perforation to Enhance Shear Strength at the Bone-Cement Interface
Comparison of Pain Scores and Postoperative Outcomes in Total Knee Arthroplasty Using Three Different Local Anesthesia Techniques.
Financial Analysis of Revision Knee Surgery Based on the NHS Tariff and Actual Costs: Does It Pay to Provide a Revision Service?
Saucerization Repair with Fibrin Clot Insertion for Discoid Lateral Meniscus in Matured Age - A Case Report
Effective Methods to Prevent Disclocations After Total Hip Arthroplasty
Indications for Constrained Liners
Low Dislocation Rate in 100 Consecutive Revision Total Hip Replacements with Large Diameter Bearings
Are Hip Precautions Necessary after Posterior Approach to Total Hip Arthroplasty?
Dislocation After THR - Is It Solved? The Role of Large Femoral Heads
The Influence of Design on Posterior Horizontal Dislocation Distance in Common Sizes of THA
Minimum 10 Year Survival and Outcome of the Birmingham Hip Resurfacing - An Independent Series
Debonding of the Porous Coating of the Acetabular Component: A Late Failure Mode of Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty
Patient Functioning and Satisfaction: Hip Resurfacing vs. Large Head Total Hip Resurfacing
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Nine Hip Resurfacing Designs
Pelvic Tilt Must be Considered in Hip Resurfacing
Long Term Performance of Metal on Metal Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty in Asian - 8 to 15 Years Follow Up
Direct Anterior Approach: Why I Use It?
Direct Anterior Approach: Why I Don't Use It?
Ceramic-on-Ceramic for Young THA Patients: Pro
Ceramic-on-Ceramic for Young THA Patients: Con
Femoral Head Size - Bigger is Better: Pro
Femoral Head Size - Bigger is Better: Con
Reverse Arthroplasty for Four Part Fractures
Hemiarthroplasty for Four Part Fractures
Taper Corrosion: Diagnosis and Management
Trunion Cororsion: Effect of femoral head diameter
Metal Corrosion on Head-Neck Junction Induce Periprosthetic Scar Tissue as Adverse Reaction to Metal Debris
Development and Validation of a Quantitative Method to Calculate the Volume of Material Loss from the Taper-Trunnion Junction
In Vitro Electro-chemical Testing of Conventional Total Hip Replacement Tapers
Optimizing Modular Tapers for Total Hip Arthroplasty
A Diagnostic Algorithm for Approaching Patients with Metal-on-Metal Hip Arthroplasty
What We Know About Metal Ions
Early Results of Revision of Failed Metal on Metal Hip Arthroplasty
Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Arthroplasty: Up to Eight Year Follow Up Results
Metal Ion Levels in a Hip Resurfacing Design with Titanium Niobium Surface Technology
In Vivo Mechanics of the Hip Joint
Computer Simulation of Osteochondroplasty for Treatment of Femoro-acetabular Impingement
Biomechanical Analysis and Short-term Clinical Results of a Triple-Tapered Polished Cemented Stem Implanted With or Without Cement Mantle
Cup Positioning in Total Hip Arthroplasty Using the A Robotic Hip System: A Pilot Study
In-Vivo Hip Kinematics Captured Using a Mobile Fluoroscopy Unit
Robotic Arm Assistance Improves Accuracy and Clinical Outcome Compared with Manual THA Technique
Patient Specific Acetabular Cup Orientation in Functional Positions using Musculoskeletal Modelling: A Pre-operative Planning Tool
Revision Shoulder Arthroplasty
Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty for the Massive Rotator Cuff Tear
Biomechanical Comparison Between the Trapezius Transfer and Latissimus Transfer for Irreparable Posterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears
Hydrodynamic Suture Passing: A New Concept, Demonstration of PASTA Repair
Harnessing the Regenerative Power of the Periosteum: Surgical and Scientific Perspectives
Failure of the Tantalum Rod for management of Early Femoral Head Necrosis
Treatment of Extensively Involved Femoral Head Osteonecrosis in Adolescents by High Degrees Posterior Rotational Osteotomy
The Prevalence of Acetabular Retroversion in Asymptomatic Adults
Reconstruction for Proximal Medial Segmental Defect of Femur Using Metal Mesh and Impacted Morselized Allograft
Bearing Surface Selection: What Does the Data Tell Me in 2014
Ceramic on Ceramic in Total Hip Replacement: Are Differences In Material and Design Important?
In-Vivo Wear and Oxidation Degradation of Retrieved Highly Cross-linked Polyethylene Cup Against Ceramic Femoral Head
Medical Device Comparison of Roundness and Roughness of Retrieved Femoral Head
Retrieval Analysis of Sequentially Annealed Highly Crosslinked Polyethylene Used in Total Hip Arthroplasty
Difference of Failure Mode in Metal-On-Polyethylene Cementless THA
What Factors Influence Fretting Corrosion in Modular Total Hip Arthroplasty? A Matched Cohort Study
News on Ceramic - Wear, Corrosion and Infection
Primary Clinical Result of Alumina-Matrix Composite (AMC) Ceramic Hip Prosthesis
Metal on HXLPE versus Ceramic on HXLPE Results of a Radiological Study
Why THA's Fail in 2014: What Can We Learn?
Early Outcomes of Simultaneous Bilateral Direct Anterior Approach Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Review
Outcome of Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients Over 80 Years of Age
The Effect of a Short Stem on Implant Stability
Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty Among Nonagenarian Patients: Patient Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes
Posterior Approach: Can We Improve Functional Outcome & Reduce Dislocation: A Clinical Study
Clinical Outcome of Hip Resurfacing Depends on Design
Partial Radical Debridement: Heresy or Cautiously Optimistic?
Treatment of the Infected THR
Use of Massive Structural Allografts in Revision of Infected Total Hip Replacement
Results of Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty in Treatment Of Infected Hip Arthroplasty Due To Gram Negative infections
The 3-D Anatomy of the Dysplastic Hip: Consequences for THA
THA with Shortening Subtrochanteric Osteotomy for High Hip Dislocation: Technique and Results
Arthroscopic Surgical Outcomes Of Mild Dysplasia Versus Focal Pincer Femoroacetabular Impingement: A Multicenter Case Control Study
Outcomes of Acetabular Component Fixation After Total Hip Arthroplasty in Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Results of Total Hip Arthroplasty in Arthritis Secondary to Developmental Dysplasia of Hip
Definition of Shallow Dysplastic Hip and Reconstruction by Using Additional Bulk Bone in Total Hip Arthroplasty
Navigation of Cup Position and Leg Lengthening in THA for Dysplastic Hip Osteoarthritis
Does Early Functional Advantage of the Direct Anterior Approach Continue in Follow-up?
Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty via Direct Anterior Approach
Multicenter, Retrospective Review of Early Complications after Total Hip Arthroplasty by Anterior Approach
Anterior vs. Posterior Approach for Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Tranexamic Acid for Reduction of Blood Loss in Direct Anterior Total Hip Arthroplasty (DA THA)
Management of Blood Transfusion in Simultaneous Bilateral Total Hip Arthroplasty Using the Direct Anterior Approach
A Posterior Surgical Hip Dislocation Through a Modified Posterolateral Approach: Assessment of Femoral Head Perfusion Using Gadolinium Enhanced MRI
Extending the Indications for Reverse TSA
Patient Specific Instrumentation for Shoulder Arthroplasty
A Comparison of Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty Functional Outcomes with Two Different Glenosphere Sizes
Effect of Lateralized Offset on Shoulder Rotation After Bony Increased Offset Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty
Dual Mobility THA: Some Concerns
Mobile Bearing Hips: What are the indications for them in 2014?
Low Early Complication Rate with a Modern Dual Mobility Hip Prosthesis in the USA
Early Failure of a Dual Modularity Femoral Component
Characterization of Progression of Pelvic Osteolysis After Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty: Computed Tomographic Study
High Incidence of Ceramic Head and Liner Fracture in Third-Generation Ceramic-on-Ceramic Total Hip Arthroplasty
Large Femoral Heads and Hip Stability
Reducing DVT/PE and Post-op Wound Complications: Balancing the Risks of Clots and Bleeds
Can the Sound of Hammering Objectively Predict Micro-Fracture in Bones? A Study on Animal Bone
Jumbo Cup Causes Hip Center Elevation in Revision THA
Effects of Surgical Positions on the Incidence of DVT After Anterolateral MIS-THA
Short Stems for Total Hip Arthroplasty: Initial Experience with the Microplasty Stem
Cemented or Cementless Fixation: What's Best?
Acetabular Fixation: What Matters
The Effect of Femoral Stem Geometry on Fixation Stability: A Finite Element Analysis
Distal Canal Filling Ratio of Cementless Stem with the Proximal Fixation Types and the Influence to the Periprosthetic Femur
Intramedullary Aspiration of Ilium During Cementing of the Socket in Total Hip Arthroplasty Improved Radiographic Appearance
Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty Using an Acetabular Reinforcement Ring with a Hook
The Midterm Result of Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty in the Fused Hip Using Ceramic-on-Ceramic Articulation
Cementation of Acetabular Liners into Secure Cementless Shells:_ An Example of Translational Research
Direct Anterior Approach for Complex Primary and Revision THA: My Experience Pushing the Envelope
The Use of Sound Analysis to Guide Femoral Reaming in Uncemented Total Hip Arthroplasty: A New Concept
A Preoperative Templating Prediction Model for Hip Arthroplasty Cases
Low Does X-Ray System Is Accurate for Peroperative THA Templating
Interventional Medical Devices with PMPC-Grafting and Vitamin E-Blending Make Life-Long Durability of Orthopedic Bearings
A Novel Composite Bone Grafting Technique for Total Hip Arthroplasty
Long-term Success of a Ceraver*Titanium Alloy Cemented Stem
Multicenter Outcomes of Endoscopic Pubic Symphysectomy For Osteitis Pubis Associated with Femoroacetabular Impingement
Use of a Porous Tantalum Monoblock Acetabular Cup in Primary THA: 10- to 15-Year Follow-Up
Revision Hip Arthroplasty with the ZMR Modular Cementless Stem: Intermediate-Term Follow Up
Five Year Survivorship of a Three Dimensional Porous Titanium Shell in Revision Total Hip Replacement
Short- and Medium Term Results with a Cementless Metaphyseal Anchored Short Stem Hip Implant (MiniHip)
Femoral Revision Hip Arthroplasty with the Use of Impacted Cancellous Allograft and Cement
Proper Positioning of THA Components
Combined Safe-Zone (cSafe-Zone) for Correct Cup/Stem-Positioning in MIS-THA : Basics and Surgical Application
THA for Salvage of the Failed Hip Fracture
Role of Modular Designs for Complex THA
Total Hip Arthroplasty after Periacetabular Osteotomy
Handling the Salvaged Femur
A New Zonal System for Radiographic Assessment of Hip Resurfacings
Outcomes Following Extended Trochanteric Osteotomy in Revision Total Hip Replacement
Efficiency of the Magic Tower� Device in Total Hip Arthroplasty Using the Direct Anterior Approach
Novel 3D Shoulder Imaging System using RF Ultrasound
Voltage-Controlled Electrical Stimulation of Titanium Implants for Infection Prevention and Eradication
Guidelines for the Selection of Optimal Glenoid Augment Size for Moderate to Severe Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis
What to Wear Against the Wear? Ceramics in Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Comparative Study
